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- <text id=93CT1656>
- <link 89TT0040>
- <title>
- Costa Rica--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Middle America
- Costa Rica
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Unlike most of their Central American neighbors, Costa
- Ricans are overwhelmingly of European rather than mestizo
- descent. Spain is the primary country of origin. The indigenous
- Indian population today numbers no more than 20,000-20% less
- than inhabited Costa Rica when the Spanish first settled the
- country. Blacks, descendants of 19th-century Jamaican immigrant
- workers, constitute a significant English-speaking minority of
- about 30,000, concentrated around the Caribbean port city of
- Limon.
- </p>
- <p> In 1502, on his fourth and last voyage to the New World,
- Christopher Columbus made the first European landfall in the
- area. Settlement of Costa Rica began in 1522, and for nearly
- three centuries the region was administered as part of the
- Captaincy General of Guatemala, under a military governor.
- </p>
- <p> The Spanish optimistically called the country "Rich Coast,"
- but the name proved inaccurate. Finding no gold or other
- valuable minerals in Costa Rica, but rather a resilient Indian
- nation resistant to Spanish exploitation, the Spanish turned to
- agriculture. The small landowners' relative poverty, the
- population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa
- Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and
- the Andes all contributed to the development of an autonomous
- and individualistic agrarian society. This egalitarian
- tradition continue even after introduction of banana and coffee
- cultivation in the 19th century led to the accumulation of
- wealth with resulting class differences.
- </p>
- <p> In 1821, Costa Rica joined other Central American provinces
- in a point declaration of the independence from Spain. Although
- the newly independent provinces formed a federation, border
- disputes broke out among them. Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province
- in the north was annexed from Nicaragua in one such regional
- dispute. In 1838, long after the Central American federation
- ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and
- proclaimed itself a sovereign nation.
- </p>
- <p> The modern era of democracy in Costa Rica began in 1889, in
- a change of political power that was remarkable considering the
- region's turbulent history and conditions. The elections of
- 1889, considered the first truly free and honest ones in the
- country's history, began a trend maintained with only a few
- lapses. In 1917-18, Federico Tinoco ruled as dictator, and in
- 1948, Jose Figueres led a popular revolution in the wake of a
- disputed presidential election. With more than 2,000 dead, the
- revolution was the bloodiest event in Costa Rican history, but
- the victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free
- elections with universal sufferage and abolishing the army.
- Figueres became a national hero, winning the first election
- under the new constitution.
- </p>
- <p> Since that time, Costa Rica has held 10 presidential
- elections. Only twice, in 1974 and again in 1986, was the
- candidate of the party in power elected. The next elections are
- scheduled for the early 1990s.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Throughout its history, Costa Rica's political system has
- contrasted sharply with its neighbors. The nation has steadily
- developed and maintained democratic institutions and an orderly,
- constitutional scheme for government succession. Several
- elements have contributed to this situation, including
- educational opportunities, enlightened government leaders,
- comparative prosperity, flexible class lines, and the absence
- of a politically intrusive military.
- </p>
- <p> The National Liberation Party (PLN) has been the dominant
- party in Costa Rica since the election of 1948. It is a social
- democratic party affiliated with the Socialist International.
- Overall, Costa Rican governments have swung from moderately
- conservative to moderately progressive as the PLN and various
- anti-PLN coalitions have tended to alternate control of the
- presidency. This pattern was broken in 1974 and 1986, when a PLN
- candidate succeeded a PLN incumbent.
- </p>
- <p> Oscar Arias Sanchez (PLN) won Costa Rica's presidential
- election on February 2, 1986, defeating Social Christian Unity
- Party (PUSC) rival Rafael Angel Calderon by a seven-percentage
- point margin. Arias was helped at the polls by the popularity
- and accomplishments of his predecessor, President Luis Alberto
- Monge. The voters rewarded the PLN for Monge's success in
- stabilizing the economy after finding it in shambles from the
- previous Carazo administration. The PLN also won control of the
- Legislative Assembly, capturing 29 of the 57 seats.
- </p>
- <p> The communist regime in neighboring Nicaragua is seen by
- many Costa Ricans as a threat to their nation's peace and
- opportunity to develop economically. Costa Rica has no army,
- relying instead on a small Civil Guard of 4,000 that patrols the
- borders and performs internal police functions. The Civil Guard
- periodically has been involved in armed incidents in the
- northern border region with both Nicaraguan Government forces
- and elements of the Nicaraguan Resistance.
- </p>
- <p> Many Costa Ricans also believe that the Nicaraguan problem
- discourages new investment and tourism in Costa Rica and
- stimulates capital flight by the private sector. More than
- 100,000 recent Nicaraguan immigrants, many undocumented
- refugees, are a further burden on Costa Rica's educational and
- health facilities.
- </p>
- <p> In 1987, Costa Rican President Oscar Arias authored a
- regional peace plan that became the basis for the peace
- agreement signed in August 1987 by the presidents of the other
- Central American countries, including Nicaragua. Arias' efforts
- earned for him the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize, but since the peace
- plan was signed, compliance has been minimal, and armed conflict
- in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala continues. To the
- south, Costa Rica is faced with political and economic
- instability in Panama.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- March 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-